S E E D E D   C O N T E N T

At least 6,900 of the virus deaths in the U.S. are connected to nursing homes. Epidemiologists expect resurgent waves of infection that could last into 2022.

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President Trump posted tweets openly fomenting protests of virus restrictions in three states with Democratic governors, less than a day after advising governors to “call your own shots” on reopening.

Here’s what you need to know:

• -Trump tweets to “LIBERATE” states where people are protesting virus restrictions.
• Trump and Cuomo spar over the federal response to the outbreak.
• At least 6,900 people in the U.S. living in or connected to nursing homes have died of the virus.
• Governors in Texas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Idaho and other states are looking to ease restrictions, despite inadequate testing.
• The lack of testing presents a serious challenge to reopening, health experts say.
• Doctors are prescribing hydroxychloroquine, but don’t know if it works.
• With social distancing difficult on ships, the crew of the Mercy, a Navy hospital, moves ashore.

ImageProtesters gathered at the Statehouse on Monday in Columbus, Ohio.Credit...Joshua A. Bickel/The Columbus Dispatch, via Associated Press

-Trump tweets to “LIBERATE” states where people are protesting virus restrictions.

President Trump on Friday began openly fomenting right-wing protests of social distancing restrictions in states where groups of his conservative supporters have been violating stay-at-home orders, less than a day after announcing guidelines for how governors could decide on an orderly reopening of their communities.

In a series of all-caps tweets, Mr. Trump declared “ LIBERATE MICHIGAN !” and “ LIBERATE MINNESOTA !” — two states whose Democratic governors have imposed social distancing restrictions that have shut down businesses and schools and forced people to remain at home. He also tweeted “LIBERATE VIRGINIA, and save your great 2nd Amendment. It is under siege!”

Mr. Trump’s tweets were a remarkable example of a president egging on demonstrators. Earlier this week, more than 1,000 protesters organized by conservative groups created a traffic jam on the streets around the State Capitol in Lansing, Mich., to complain that the restrictions were bad for small businesses. Other protesters, not in vehicles, waved banners in support of Mr. Trump and protested Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, who has been a target of his ire, by chanting, “Lock her up.”

In St. Paul, Minn., a group calling itself “Liberate Minnesota” held a protest Friday in violation of stay-at-home orders in front of the home of Gov. Tim Walz. Hundreds showed up, according to news reports . The group’s Facebook page says that “now is the time to demand Governor Walz and our state legislators end this lock down!”

Mr. Trump’s tweets began just moments after a Fox News report by Mike Tobin, a reporter for the network, about protests in Minnesota and elsewhere. The report featured a protester from Virginia saying “those of us who are healthy and want to get out of our house and do business, we need to get this going again. It’s time.”

At a news conference on Friday afternoon, Ms. Whitmer said she hoped the president’s comments would not incite more protests.“There is a lot of anxiety,” she said. “The most important thing that anyone with a platform can do is try to use that platform to tell people, ‘We are going to get through this.’”

“There is no one more eager to start re-engaging sectors of our economy than I am,” she added. “We are going to do this safely so we don’t have a second wave.”

And when Gov. Ralph Northam of Virginia was asked about the president’s comment at a virus news briefing Friday, he said: “I do not have time to involve myself in Twitter wars.”

The message of support for those efforts from Mr. Trump is radically different from the one he delivered from the White House on Thursday evening. During a briefing for reporters, the president unveiled guidelines that governors could use to decide when it was safe to phase out restrictions to minimize the chance of a resurgence of the dangerous pathogen.

“We are not opening all at once, but one careful step at a time,” Mr. Trump said Thursday after telling governors earlier in the day that “you’re going to call your own shots.”

When he was asked about the protesters during Thursday’s briefing, the president expressed sympathy for the plight of people who are affected by the restrictions, saying that “it’s been a tough process for people. You know, I told you this: There’s death and there’s problems in staying at home too. It’s not just, ‘Isn’t it wonderful to stay at home?’ They’re having — they’re suffering.”

But he ducked the question of whether he would urge the protesters to listen to local authorities, adding that “I think they’re listening. I think they listen to me. They seem to be protesters that like me and respect this opinion. And my opinion is the same as just about all of the governors.”

The president’s decision to embrace the protests may be good politics for him. While large majorities of the country — including Republicans — are concerned about the dangers of reopening the country too quickly, that may not be the case for his most fervent supporters. Among very conservative voters, sixty-five percent said they were more worried about reopening too slowly, according to a Pew Research Center poll released on Thursday.

Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count

A detailed county map shows the extent of the coronavirus outbreak, with tables of the number of cases by county.

Trump and Cuomo spar over the federal response to the outbreak.

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transcript

‘This Is Mayhem,’ Cuomo Says of Federal Response to Coronavirus

Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York said he was frustrated with the level of coordination between the federal government and states on coronavirus testing.

No government agency, no public health expert, people’s actions flatten the curve. We responded to the crisis. The federal government cannot wipe their hands of this and say, “Oh the states are responsible for testing.” We cannot do it. We cannot do it without federal help. I’m willing to do what I can do and more. But I’m telling you, I don’t do China relations. I don’t do international supply chain, and that’s where the federal government can help. Also remember, the federal government at the same time is developing, testing capacity. So we wind up in this bizarre situation that we were in last time: 50 states all competing for these precious resources. In this case it’s testing, and then the federal government comes in and says to those companies I want to buy the tests, also. This is mayhem. We need a coordinated approach between the federal government and the states. OK, it’s up to the states. But then don’t ask the states, don’t give them this massive undertaking that has never been done before, and then not give them any resources to do it. Let’s respond to the president: First of all, if he’s sitting home watching TV maybe he should get up and go to work, right? Second, the — let’s keep emotion and politics out of this and personal ego, if we can.

Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York said he was frustrated with the level of coordination between the federal government and states on coronavirus testing.CreditCredit...Cindy Schultz for The New York Times

Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York and Mr. Trump traded barbs on Friday for more federal assistance to help the state fight the virus, the latest escalation between the two. Mr. Trump lashed out on Twitter telling him to “spend more time ‘doing’ and less time ‘complaining.’”

Mr. Cuomo said another 630 people died of the virus in New York on Thursday, according to official state figures, bringing the total confirmed death toll to 12,822.

The daily number of deaths, Mr. Cuomo said, “refuses to come down dramatically,” adding that the toll was “breathtaking in its pain and grief and tragedy.”

“Stop talking!” Mr. Trump wrote as he cited the federal assistance New York has already received — “far more money, help and equipment than any other state.”

Mr. Cuomo hit back mid-briefing and criticized the president for dismissing the need to give help to the states, especially when it comes to the magnitude of tests states need to safely lift restrictions.

Mr. Cuomo said again that the state could not fully reopen its economy without more widespread testing, which would require both supplies and an operational capacity that the health system did not currently have. “We cannot do it without federal help,” he said.

As it is now, he said, “We don’t have a testing system that can do this volume or that can be ramped up to do this volume.”

Mr. Cuomo again declined to predict a timeline for when the state would reopen, pointing out that how the rate at which the infection appeared to be spreading in New York was not yet low enough to say the outbreak was fully under control.

“You’ll see states that have less of a problem opening sooner,” he said. “That is undeniable and totally logical. It depends on that state.”

The governor also said he would issue an executive order directing laboratories in New York to work with the state Health Department to ensure they were prioritizing diagnostic testing. And with growing concern about the number of deaths in nursing homes, he said he will issue an executive order requiring nursing homes to tell families when there are virus cases in their facilities. In New York City, Mayor de Blasio said the city would open 10 new testing centers for low-income communities and essential workers.

Mr. Cuomo, who has extended the state’s broad shutdown until at least May 15, made his daily appearance hours before the start of a mandate for people in New York to wear face coverings in public places where they cannot keep six feet away from others. In buses and subways as well as in for-hire vehicles, everyone, including the driver or operator, must wear a covering, he said. The rule also applies to children as young as 2 years old.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people wear cloth face coverings to protect those around them, a move that came after research showed that many people were infected but did not show symptoms. (Public health officials have warned against buying or hoarding the N95 masks needed by health care workers.)

Health officials have urged people to combine face coverings with social distancing, suggesting that one tactic did not replace the need for the other .

In New Jersey, Gov. Philip D. Murphy said on Friday that another 323 people had died of the virus, pushing the state’s recorded deaths to more than 1,400 in the last four days. The state has seen a sharp climb in virus-related deaths over the last week as the death toll has nearly doubled, from 1,933 to 3,840.

At least 6,900 people in the U.S. living in or connected to nursing homes have died of the virus.

The first warning of the devastation that the coronavirus could wreak inside American nursing homes came in late February, when residents of a facility in suburban Seattle perished, one by one, as families waited helplessly outside.

In the ensuing six weeks, large and shockingly lethal outbreaks have continued to ravage nursing homes across the nation. Now a tally by The New York Times has found the number of people living in or connected to nursing homes who have died of the coronavirus to be at least 6,900, far higher than previously known.

In New Jersey, 17 bodies piled up in a nursing home morgue, and more than a quarter of a Virginia home’s residents have died. At least 24 people at a facility in Maryland have died; more than 100 residents and workers have been infected at another in Kansas; and people have died in centers for military veterans in Florida, Nevada, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon and Washington.

Overall, about a fifth of deaths from the virus in the United States have been tied to nursing homes or other long-term care facilities, The Times review of cases shows. And more than 36,000 residents and employees across the nation have contracted it.

The virus is known to be more deadly to aging, immune-compromised people, and small, confined settings like nursing homes, where workers frequently move from one room to the next, are particularly vulnerable to spreading infection. But oversights and failures also have contributed to the crisis.

In interviews with more than two dozen workers in long-term care facilities as well as family members of residents and health care experts, a portrait emerged of a system unequipped to handle the onslaught and disintegrating further amid the growing crisis.

Governors in Texas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Idaho and other states are looking to ease restrictions, despite inadequate testing.

Texas will let all stores in the state open next week for “retail-to-go,” permitting pick-up and delivery but not in-store shopping. Minnesota will allow golf courses and driving ranges to reopen this weekend. Vermont will let its farmers’ markets reopen on May 1.

Around the country, governors began announcing plans to ease restrictions in their states on Friday, even as cases continue to surge in some parts of the country and inadequate testing will make it difficult for them to identify and contain future outbreaks.

They are taking action as Mr. Trump, who has been impatient to restart the economy, issued a set of guidelines Thursday offering suggestions of when and how to reopen.

The governors are grappling with mounting economic damage and hardship caused by the pandemic. But their moves to tentatively let some businesses reopen is getting underway as the national death toll remains high . Public health experts are warning against acting too soon, fearing new waves of outbreaks that will be difficult to identify early on unless testing is significantly ramped up. But many states and localities are beginning to ease restrictions.

In Texas, Gov. Greg Abbott, a Republican, outlined his plans Friday for “retail-to-go” shopping, and also said that he would lift restrictions on some medical procedures and reopen state parks while requiring masks and social distancing.

But Mr. Abbott announced that the group working to reopen Texas — which he described as a “strike force” — had determined that it would be unsafe for children to return to school, so schools will remain closed for the remainder of the school year. The governor said that he would announce more reopening April 27, and still more in May.

In Minnesota, Mr. Walz, a Democrat, said Friday that golf courses and driving ranges could reopen Saturday morning, and many other outdoor activities could resume, too, including boating, fishing, hunting, and hiking. Some businesses that support those activities, including bait shops, shooting ranges and game farms, can also open. But campgrounds, recreational equipment rental, charter boats, and guided fishing will remain closed.

In Michigan, Ms. Whitmer, who imposed one of the strictest stay-at-home orders in the nation, said Friday that she hoped to loosen the regulations in two weeks’ time, on May 1.

Ms. Whitmer, a Democrat who has faced criticism from some residents and business leaders, said that any decision would depend on what the data on infections says as that date approaches. Her state trails only New York and New Jersey in the number of residents whose deaths have been tied to the virus.

“It’s two weeks away, and the information and the data and our ability to test is changing so rapidly, it’s hard to predict precisely where we’ll be in a week from now, let alone two weeks,” the governor said on ABC’s “Good Morning America ” days after thousands of demonstrators, who mostly remained in vehicles, protested outside the State Capitol in Lansing and accused Ms. Whitmer of going too far.

Gov. Phil Scott of Vermont, a Republican, said Friday that he would allow some businesses in the state to reopen by Monday, provided that they involve very low contact and involve no more than two people.

The governor gave the green light to a handful of businesses — property managers, real estate agents and some construction crews — but said they must comply with safety guidelines, such as social distancing and wearing a mask. The state will open its farmer’s markets on May 1st. So far, the state has registered 779 cases and 35 deaths.

Gov. Tony Evers of Wisconsin, a Democrat, said on Thursday that golf courses could open with certain restrictions and that for-hire lawn care could be carried out if it was performed by one person. Stores selling materials to make face masks can open for curbside pickup, he said.

In Idaho, Gov. Brad Little, a Republican, has said businesses that were once deemed nonessential, such as craft stores, candle shops or dog groomers, could open to allow for curbside or delivery services until at least the end of the month. He noted that they should prepare to reopen altogether in May with social distancing and sanitation rules in place.

Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida, who speaks frequently with Mr. Trump and has faced criticism for his initial piecemeal approach to tackling the virus, said on Friday that he would refer to the White House guidelines on reopening but not necessarily abide by everything they propose.

“We will obviously use that as a kind of baseline,” Mr. DeSantis, a Republican, said at a news conference in Fort Lauderdale. “It doesn’t mean Florida is going to do every single thing they say or not say.”

As of Friday morning, Florida had more than 24,000 cases and nearly 700 deaths.

Some local leaders in Florida are beginning to tiptoe toward reopening. Mayor Lenny Curry of Jacksonville announced on Thursday that beaches and parks in Duval County will reopen at 5 p.m. on Friday, for limited hours, and restricted to social distant recreational activities.

But just as much of the country entered life under quarantine in a patchwork fashion, it is poised to ease restrictions the same varied way, responding to the local needs to fight the virus .

In Maryland, where cases and deaths continue to rise, Gov. Larry Hogan, a Republican, said at a news conference Friday that four things must be “solidly in place” before he moves to lift restrictions: expanded testing, increased hospital capacity for a surge in patients, more personal protective equipment, and a robust contact tracing operation. He said that he would give an update on the progress in those areas, and detail the state’s plans, next week. State officials said that schools there would remain closed through at least May 15.

Gov. Gavin Newsom of California, a Democrat, has suggested that restaurant patrons would have to submit to having their temperatures taken before being seated once that state begins a gradual reopening.

More than 22 million Americans have lost their jobs in recent weeks — a toll that roughly matches the entire cumulative workforce of 23 states — and many governors, as well as Mr. Trump, fear the mounting economic repercussions of sustained shutdowns.

But tackling the economic catastrophe requires getting a handle on the public health crisis.

Dr. Deborah L. Birx, the White House’s virus response coordinator, told CNN on Thursday night that surveillance to give communities early warning signs of local transmission would need to be enhanced, diagnostic testing capabilities expanded and contact-tracing efforts bolstered.

“Any one piece by itself will not be able to accomplish what we need,” she said.

The lack of testing presents a serious challenge to reopening, health experts say.

To give people a sense of security as states begin to ease restrictions requires an expanded testing capacity, health experts say, and the country is far behind in conducting enough tests to responsibly inform these decisions.

The ultimate goal is to separate the sick from the healthy so that Americans feel safe returning to a somewhat normal life and the virus does not sweep through communities again, which requires more widespread testing.

The capacity for such testing has been growing, but not fast enough, public health experts say. Supplies continue to run out and some areas are only testing people who present specific symptoms. Tests to determine whether someone has already had the virus are slowly rolling out and most have not been vetted by the Food and Drug Administration.

Without widespread testing and surveillance, said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at Columbia University in New York, “we won’t be able to quickly identify and isolate cases in which the patients are presymptomatic or asymptomatic, and thus community transmission could be re-established.”

Mr. Trump, whose administration has been criticized for its slow rollout of tests as the virus took hold in the United States, has sought to portray testing as a state responsibility, even as many governors are pleading for more federal help.“The States have to step up their TESTING!” Mr. Trump wrote in a Twitter post on Friday, as New York Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo asked for more help from the federal government to produce tests on a larger scale.

Read the Guidelines

The Trump administration offered three steps for states to consider as they look at reopening.

Reopening before those issues are resolved, though, risks endangering the few places that have managed to avoid the worst effects of the virus, and would be accompanied by other significant scientific concerns:

Waiting periods of 14 days are required. States wishing to loosen rules are asked to meet certain criteria every two weeks, but that leaves open the possibility that someone infected toward the end of the 14th day could end up seeding an outbreak as restrictions were lifted.

Shortages of protective equipment persist. Among the greatest fears in reopening parts of the economy is that communities with less restrictions will be at a greater risk for outbreaks, which will create new demands for medical supplies already spread thin.

Piecemeal reopenings are risky. While Mr. Trump suggested that the relaxing of restrictions may occur in a fragmented way, even county by county, that does not work with the contagious nature of the virus. Even in rural regions where the population is less dense, large clusters of infections — even hundreds in a single workplace — have erupted in states that had seen relatively few cases. Recent history in South Dakota — where hundreds of infections have been traced to a single pork processing plant — shows that a single site can ignite a firestorm of cases.

Doctors are prescribing hydroxychloroquine, but don’t know if it works.

For weeks doctors around the country have been giving hydroxychloroquine to patients at various stages of their illness related to Covid-19, and as a preventive measure to some if they’ve been exposed by family members or in health care settings.

But even after treating hundreds of patients with the antimalarial drug, doctors interviewed did not report clear results or remarkable recoveries that can be traced to the drug.

At Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, most Covid-19 patients who are not on the verge of dying receive a five-day regimen of hydroxychloroquine, the long-used malaria drug that President Trump has repeatedly promoted as a “what have you got to lose” remedy. While his own top health officials are more cautious — noting there is limited evidence about the drug’s benefits — doctors across the country have been prescribing the drug for weeks.

Dr. Bushra Mina, the chief of pulmonary medicine at Lenox Hill, doesn’t know if the hydroxychloroquine is helping his patients. He is well aware that there are no rigorous clinical trials showing that the drug works. But he can’t wait for the evidence to come in, he said, when people are dying.

“I think it’s a battle, and your options are very limited,” Dr. Mina said. “You’re really looking for what you can do with whatever evidence you have.”

Hydroxychloroquine and a related drug, chloroquine, have been used for decades to treat and prevent malaria, and hydroxychloroquine has been used by people with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis because it is known to calm the immune system. In laboratory tests, it has been shown to block the coronavirus from invading cells, although it hasn’t been proven in human trials. The drugs are not recommended for people who have abnormal heart rhythms because it can make them worse.

With social distancing difficult on ships, the crew of the Mercy, a Navy hospital, moves ashore.

Aboard the hospital ship U.S.N.S. Mercy, docked in the Port of Los Angeles, most of the military crew is moving off the ship and into hotels ashore. Sailors will be bussed from their hotels to to work their shifts aboard the Mercy. Navy spokesman Lt. Andrew Bertucci said on Friday that the decision was made in order to better facilitate social distancing.

“The plan is to drastically decrease the amount of contact that the crew has with each other,” Lieutenant Bertucci said. “It will ultimately be safer for both the crew and the patients.”

Between 800 to 900 crew members had been living on the Mercy full-time, but that number will go down to about 100 to 200 in the coming days. On Thursday 150 sailors moved off the ship, and that same number is expected to move to hotels daily through Sunday. Lieutenant Bertucci noted that the crew aboard the U.S.N.S. Comfort, which is docked in New York City, recently moved most of its crew to hotels ashore as well.

The move comes after a total of seven crew members tested positive for Covid-19 since the ship arrived to help area hospitals treat non-Covid patients, and more than 100 of the crew who had been in contact with those seven have moved off the ship into precautionary quarantine. All of the Mercy sailors in quarantine have tested negative for the coronavirus and are regularly monitored in case they were to develop any symptoms.

The commanding officer of the Mercy’s medical treatment team, Capt. John Rotruck, is quarantined aboard the ship in his stateroom after an investigation found that he had been in proximity to a Covid-positive crew member. Captain Rotruck has tested negative for novel coronavirus, and said his ability to continue the ship’s mission is unchanged.

The ship will continue to treat the patients it already has onboard, and will take new patients as requested by local authorities.

Small Business Administration loans have so far flowed heavily to California and Texas.

Money from the Small Business Administration’s Paycheck Protection Program, which ran out of funds on Thursday, flowed heavily to California and Texas, with construction companies and manufacturers getting the largest number of loans, rather than harder-hit retailers and restaurants, according to new data .

The nearly $350 billion in the Paycheck Protection Program also disproportionately flowed to states that have suffered fewer infections and deaths under the virus, like Kansas, than to harder-hit states like New York and New Jersey, when adjusting for the size of the small-business economy in each state.

The new data, which include loan approvals through Thursday, show accommodation and food service firms have received less than 9 percent of the money from the program, about $30.5 billion, though they have suffered the largest job losses of any industry during this recession. Construction firms received the largest share, at just over 13 percent or about $45 billion worth.

The program was designed for banks to distribute the loans, which the federal government will pay off in most cases. That structure advantaged companies with existing relationships with banks.

S.B.A. officials included data on the largest lending institutions in the program, though they were not identified. The top lender distributed more than $14 million in loans with an average size of more than $500,000 per loan — suggesting that the institution was giving loans to relatively large businesses.

Here’s a guide for those in need of financial help.

If your income has fallen or been cut off completely, we’re here to help. Here is some basic information you’ll need to get through the current crisis, including guides to government benefits, free services and financial strategies.

Epidemiologists still don’t know the worldwide death rate for Covid-19.

Coroners in some parts of the United States are overwhelmed. Funeral homes in virus hot spots can barely keep up. Newspaper obituary pages in hard-hit areas go on and on. Covid-19 is on track to kill far more people in the United States this year than the seasonal flu.

But determining just how deadly the new virus will be is a key question facing epidemiologists, who expect resurgent waves of infection that could last into 2022 .

As the virus spread across the world in late February and March, the projection circulated by infectious disease experts of how many infected people would die seemed plenty dire : around 1 percent , or 10 times the rate of a typical flu.

But according to various unofficial Covid-19 trackers that calculate the death rate by dividing total deaths by the number of known cases , about 6.4 percent of people infected with the virus have now died worldwide.

In Italy, the death rate stands at about 13 percent , and in the United States , around 4.3 percent, according to the latest figures on known cases and deaths. Even in South Korea, where widespread testing helped contain the outbreak, 2 percent of people who tested positive for the virus have died, recent data shows .

Those supposed death rates also appear to vary widely by geography: Germany’s fatality rate appears to be roughly one-tenth of Italy’s , and Los Angeles’s about half of New York’s. Among U.S. states, Michigan, at around 7 percent, is at the high end, while Wyoming, which reported its first two deaths this week, has one of the lowest death rates, at about 0.7 percent.

Virology experts say there is no evidence that any strain of the virus, officially known as SARS-CoV-2, has mutated to become more severe in some parts of the world than others, raising the question of why there appears to be so much variance from country to country.

San Francisco’s Chinatown got ahead of the virus.

On Jan. 24, the eve of the Chinese New Year, Dr. Jian Zhang, the chief executive of San Francisco’s Chinese Hospital, saw an alarming photograph on WeChat. An old medical school colleague was about to join more than 100 other health care providers being rushed to Wuhan to help manage the outbreak.

Dr. Zhang immediately recognized the threat.

“Twelve hours,” she recalled thinking. “We have direct flights from Wuhan to San Francisco, and it only takes 12 hours.” She knew those who were visiting family in China during the Lunar New Year would soon be back.

A perfect storm seemed to be headed for the 22 square blocks that make up Chinatown, one of the most densely populated neighborhoods in the United States. Many of the neighborhood’s older residents live in cramped single-room-occupancy hotels. Travel between Chinatown and China is constant.

Given the unpredictable pathways of this highly contagious disease, Dr. Zhang and other leaders in Chinatown are well aware that circumstances could change in an instant. But the neighborhood has thus far held off the virus.

Chinese Hospital, an acute care facility in the heart of the neighborhood, admitted its first Covid-19 patient on March 26, three weeks after patients had been hospitalized in other parts of San Francisco. As of mid-April, at least 34 cases of Covid-19 had been detected in 22 S.R.O.s around San Francisco. None of these cases were within the neighborhood, although three were on its border.

Chinese Hospital was at the center of an effort to coordinate barriers for entry of the virus. These involved almost every major institution in Chinatown, including the Chinese-language press and deeply engaged neighborhood institutions, all of whom were imprinted with memories of earlier infectious disease outbreaks. Deep links to front-line health workers in China were invaluable as Chinese Hospital worked to avoid what everyone thought was coming.

“It’s kind of amazing,” said Aaron Peskin, a San Francisco supervisor who represents the neighborhood. “Chinatown, knock on wood, is looking pretty darn good.”

Those we’ve lost: Israel Sauz, gas-station worker and new father, dies at 22.

Israel Sauz of Tulsa, Okla., couldn’t wait to see his first child, a baby boy named Josiah. And he couldn’t wait for the world to see him, too. So he got in close and took a picture for Facebook of his son, fast asleep in a green onesie, shortly after the boy came into the world one Sunday last month.

Just 21 days later, on April 5, Mr. Sauz was dead. He was 22.

The cause was complications related to Covid-19, the disease caused by the virus, according to family friends and the school district where he attended high school.

Many in Tulsa may not have recognized his name, but they knew the smiling face — he was an assistant night manager at a busy QuikTrip gas station and convenience store about a mile east of downtown Tulsa. He was still a teenager when he first started working for QuikTrip, a popular chain based in Tulsa.

He lived in the Tulsa suburb of Broken Arrow. He and his wife, Krystal, had celebrated their first wedding anniversary two weeks before Josiah was born.

Homemade or more professional: Which mask is best for you?

Face masks have become an emblem in the fight against the virus, with officials in the United States and elsewhere recommending — and in some cases mandating — that people wear them to help slow the spread of the deadly outbreak.

Figuring out what to wear is not so easy. N95 and medical masks, which offer the most protection and are heavily in demand, should be reserved for health care workers who are regularly exposed to infected patients.

Here’s a look at some of the types of masks you might encounter, how they work, what to consider when making your own and the level of protection they could provide.

Here’s what else is happening around the world.

Reporting was contributed by Michael Cooper, Alan Blinder, Eileen Sullivan, Ellen Barry, Mitch Smith, Michael D. Shear, Zach Montague, Dionne Searcey, Michael Gold, Andy Newman, Kate Taylor, Marc Santora, Matt Stevens, John Leland, Amy Julia Harris, Tracey Tully, Emily Flitter, Roni Caryn Rabin, Knvul Sheikh, Manny Fernandez, Adeel Hassan, Peter Baker, Alyson Stamos, Meiying Wu, John Ismay and Michael Schwritz.

The Coronavirus Outbreak

• Frequently Asked Questions and Advice

  
  

  Updated April 11, 2020

  • When will this end?

    
    

    This is a difficult question, because a lot depends on how well the virus is contained . A better question might be: “How will we know when to reopen the country?” In an American Enterprise Institute report , Scott Gottlieb, Caitlin Rivers, Mark B. McClellan, Lauren Silvis and Crystal Watson staked out four goal posts for recovery : Hospitals in the state must be able to safely treat all patients requiring hospitalization, without resorting to crisis standards of care; the state needs to be able to at least test everyone who has symptoms; the state is able to conduct monitoring of confirmed cases and contacts; and there must be a sustained reduction in cases for at least 14 days.

  • How can I help?

    
    

    The Times Neediest Cases Fund has started a special campaign to help those who have been affected, which accepts donations here . Charity Navigator , which evaluates charities using a numbers-based system, has a running list of nonprofits working in communities affected by the outbreak. You can give blood through the American Red Cross , and World Central Kitchen has stepped in to distribute meals in major cities. More than 30,000 coronavirus-related GoFundMe fund-raisers have started in the past few weeks. (The sheer number of fund-raisers means more of them are likely to fail to meet their goal, though.)

  • What should I do if I feel sick?

    
    

    If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others.

  • Should I wear a mask?

    
    

    The C.D.C. has recommended that all Americans wear cloth masks if they go out in public. This is a shift in federal guidance reflecting new concerns that the coronavirus is being spread by infected people who have no symptoms . Until now, the C.D.C., like the W.H.O., has advised that ordinary people don’t need to wear masks unless they are sick and coughing. Part of the reason was to preserve medical-grade masks for health care workers who desperately need them at a time when they are in continuously short supply. Masks don’t replace hand washing and social distancing.

  • How do I get tested?

    
    

    If you’re sick and you think you’ve been exposed to the new coronavirus, the C.D.C. recommends that you call your healthcare provider and explain your symptoms and fears. They will decide if you need to be tested. Keep in mind that there’s a chance — because of a lack of testing kits or because you’re asymptomatic, for instance — you won’t be able to get tested.

  • How does coronavirus spread?

    
    

    It seems to spread very easily from person to person, especially in homes, hospitals and other confined spaces. The pathogen can be carried on tiny respiratory droplets that fall as they are coughed or sneezed out. It may also be transmitted when we touch a contaminated surface and then touch our face.

  • Is there a vaccine yet?

    
    

    No. Clinical trials are underway in the United States, China and Europe. But American officials and pharmaceutical executives have said that a vaccine remains at least 12 to 18 months away.

  • What makes this outbreak so different?

    
    

    Unlike the flu, there is no known treatment or vaccine, and little is known about this particular virus so far. It seems to be more lethal than the flu, but the numbers are still uncertain. And it hits the elderly and those with underlying conditions — not just those with respiratory diseases — particularly hard.

  • What if somebody in my family gets sick?

    
    

    If the family member doesn’t need hospitalization and can be cared for at home, you should help him or her with basic needs and monitor the symptoms, while also keeping as much distance as possible, according to guidelines issued by the C.D.C. If there’s space, the sick family member should stay in a separate room and use a separate bathroom. If masks are available, both the sick person and the caregiver should wear them when the caregiver enters the room. Make sure not to share any dishes or other household items and to regularly clean surfaces like counters, doorknobs, toilets and tables. Don’t forget to wash your hands frequently.

  • Should I stock up on groceries?

    
    

    Plan two weeks of meals if possible. But people should not hoard food or supplies. Despite the empty shelves, the supply chain remains strong. And remember to wipe the handle of the grocery cart with a disinfecting wipe and wash your hands as soon as you get home.

  • Can I go to the park?

    
    

    Yes, but make sure you keep six feet of distance between you and people who don’t live in your home. Even if you just hang out in a park, rather than go for a jog or a walk, getting some fresh air, and hopefully sunshine, is a good idea.

  • Should I pull my money from the markets?

    
    

    That’s not a good idea. Even if you’re retired, having a balanced portfolio of stocks and bonds so that your money keeps up with inflation, or even grows, makes sense. But retirees may want to think about having enough cash set aside for a year’s worth of living expenses and big payments needed over the next five years.

  • What should I do with my 401(k)?

    
    

    Watching your balance go up and down can be scary. You may be wondering if you should decrease your contributions — don’t! If your employer matches any part of your contributions, make sure you’re at least saving as much as you can to get that “free money.”

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